PARENTING TIME: A CHILD'S RIGHT
PARENTING PLANS
NEW JERSEY LAWS GOVERNING
CUSTODY AND PARENTING TIME
PARENTING TIME ISSUES
AND REMEDIES
SOURCES FOR FURTHER HELP
NEW JERSEY JUDICIARY
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE COURTS
The printing of this publication was supported by the US. Department
of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and
Families, Office of Child Support Enforcement under Grant Number
G9701NJSAVP.
INTRODUCTION
Separation and divorce can dramatically affect your relationship with your children. The quantity and quality of
time your children spend with each parent is important to a healthy post-separation and post-divorce adjustment.
This pamphlet will provide you with information to help you plan your children's time with each parent, as well
as suggestions on common issues dealing with parenting time (visitation). It applies to all separating parents
whether married or never married.
A separation or divorce does not end a parent's responsibility. Parents are forever. Following a separation or
divorce, whenever possible both parents should continue to be involved in their children's lives.
Studies have shown that a key factor in determining whether children make a good adjustment to their new situation
is how well the parents cooperate. Parents should allow their children to love the other parent freely even; if
the relationship between the parents has ended. Effective parenting includes protecting the children from conflict
between the parents.
Children may have some adjustment problems following a separation. For example, they may become moody, withdrawn,
angry, or revert to immature behavior. If that happens, try to work together to find out what is bothering your
child. Give your child time to adjust. However, if the behavior persists, consider consulting a mental health professional.
Also, keep in mind that your well-being may affect your children's adjustment
Just as no two people are exactly alike, neither are any two people's parenting styles. Allow your children time
to adjust to these differences between households and separate your concerns from your children's concerns. You
have a responsibility to support and encourage your children's relationship with the other parent.
A parenting plan sets out the agreed upon schedule of parenting time as explained below, it also can address other
issues about raising the children with both parents involved. The plan should allow for children to have regular
contact with each of you.
PARENTING PLANS
In addition to a clear schedule of the time children are to be in the care of each parent, a parenting plan may
address a parent's participation in education, health care, religious upbringing, decision making and financial
support. Although the courts can determine a parenting plan for you, it is almost always best if the parents work
together to agree on the details of the plan. If you and the other parent cannot agree on a plan, you can file
a motion (a written request to the court) to meet with a Family Court mediator to develop one, or you can meet
with a private mediator, counselor or attorney and they can help you develop one. Once the parenting plan has been
developed, it should be submitted to the court and filed as an order. The following paragraphs are some basic principles
for any parenting plan.
Try to work out a plan for time sharing that is realistic and flexible. It should fit with your schedule and with
that of your children, including after school activities, summer months, holidays and family obligations.
Try to stick with the schedule, even if it is difficult at first. This will build trust between you and the other
parent, and it provides stability to the children.
Infants need regularity. The residential parent usually establishes the infant's basic daily schedule of waking
and sleeping cycles. Both parents need to be able to attend to the child's basic needs: feeding, diapering, bathing,
and bedtime rituals. The residential parent should keep the non-residential parent updated as to all the foods
that the child is currently eating; a written list of such foods, including brand names, can be helpful. The non-residential
parent needs to have access to the child's medical information and should know the name and address of the child's
pediatrician. This will both ensure the involvement of the non-residential parent and contribute to the child's
health and safety.
Preschoolers in general need their days to have a general consistent framework. However, all families include variations
within this general framework when necessary or otherwise desirable. Routine overnight parenting time on weekends
and/or weekdays may ensure basic continuity for most children. Preschoolers are generally able to adjust to extra,
unscheduled time with the non-residential parent if the parties are able to agree to these kinds of special arrangements.
School age children are generally social beings, involved in teams, clubs, the school play, choir, church activities,
etc. Parenting time adds stability to a child's life, and, as such, becomes part of the daily routine of planning
these activities. The basic schedule of parenting time should take these activities into consideration.
When there is a significant change in physical distance between the parents a parenting plan may be adjusted. These
are statutes and case law that address relocation with the child out-of-state; custodial parents thus should consult
with an attorney about any prospective moves.
Teenagers, generally, have reached a stage in their development of abstract adult thinking and are also focused
on the world of friends and activities outside their home. Parenting time for these children needs to be discussed
with them. It is also important that you demonstrate to your teenager that you are committed to them. You need
to develop an individual plan with your teenager that works for both of you, keeping in mind your teenager's developmental
needs.
Adjustments may also be necessary to the parenting plan as the children's needs change. Pay special attention to
birthdays and holidays and allow for sharing them with the other parent, so that you foster memories of both parents
on those special days. You may want to consider dividing some holiday activities, or perhaps alternating them annually.
NEW JERSEY LAWS CONCERNING CUSTODY AND PARENTING TIME
New Jersey Statute: N.J.S.A. 2C:13-4(a) — Interference with Custody (including parenting time)
A person, including a parent, guardian or other lawful custodial commits the crime of interfering with custody
if he (or she):
(1) Takes or detains a minor child in order to conceal him or her and thereby deprive the child's parents, of custody or parenting time; or
(2) After being served with process or having actual knowledge of an action affecting the marriage or custody, but prior to the issuance of a temporary or final order determining custody or parenting time rights to a minor child, takes or conceals the child for the purpose of depriving the other parent of custody or parenting time, or to evade the court's jurisdiction; or
(3) After being served with process or having actual knowledge of an action affecting the protective service needs of a minor child pursuant to Title 9 of the New Jersey Statutes in an action affecting custody, but prior to a temporary or final order determining custody rights, takes or conceals the child to evade the court's jurisdiction; or
(4) After the issuance of a temporary or final order specifying custody or parenting time rights, takes or conceals a minor child from the other parent, guardian or lawful custodian in violation of the order.
Interference with custody is a crime of the second degree if the child is taken, detained, enticed or concealed:
(1) outside the United States or (ii) for more than 24 hours. Otherwise, interference with custody is a crime of
the third degree, but the presumption of non-imprisonment set forth in subsection e. of N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1 for a
first offense of a crime of the third degree shall not apply. A third degree crime may be punishable by a term
of imprisonment of three to five years, or a fine of up to $15,000.00
Noncompliance with a court order is covered by New Jersey Statute N.J.S.A. 2C:29-9, contempt of court, which is
a fourth degree crime and which may be punishable by a term of up to eighteen months in county jail and a fine
of up to $10,000.00.
New Jersey Rule of Court 5:3-7(a) — Custody or Parenting Time
Orders
On finding that a party has violated an order respecting custody or
parenting time, the court may order, in addition to the remedies
provided by R. 1:10-3, any of the following remedies, either singly or in combination:
(1) compensatory time with the children;
(2) economic sanctions, including but not limited to the award of monetary compensation for the costs resulting from a parent's failure to appear for scheduled visitation such as child care expenses incurred by the other parent;
(3) modification of transportation arrangements;
(4) pick-up and return of the children in a public place;
(5) counseling for the children or parents or any of them at the expense of the parent in violation of the order,
(6) temporary or permanent modification of the custodial arrangement provided such relief is in the best interest of the children;
(7) participation by the parent in violation of the order in an approved community service program;
(8) incarceration, with or without work release;
(9) issuance of a warrant to be executed upon the further violation of the judgment or order, and
(10) any other appropriate equitable remedy.
The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-28 et seq.
The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act has been enacted by New Jersey and other states to establish standards
governing which state should decide custody and/or parenting time issues in cases involving New Jersey and another
state. Under this law, it is the child's home state or the state with the strongest connection to the child that
must decide custody. Another state can only act under emergency circumstances. This act does several things. It
requires that every state enforce proper out-of-state custody orders, it establishes a federal system to assist
in locating abducted children, and it makes interstate child abduction a crime.
PARENTING TIME AND CHILD SUPPORT
Parenting time can be every bit as important as child support. Shared parenting time may affect child support payments.
The custodial parent does not have the right to withhold parenting time and the non custodial parent has an obligation
to pay child support regardless of parenting lime issues. Child support is intended for the child's economic needs
and parenting time for the emotional needs.
New Relationships
It is inevitable that once a couple decides to separate, one or both of the parties may eventually become involved
in new relationships, and may even get remarried. Your children have the right to be free of questions from each
parent about the other parent's personal life, and to be able to develop a meaningful relationship with their parent's
new partner.
PARENTING TIME ISSUES AND REMEDIES
Parenting time problems generally fall into two general categories. The first is interference with parenting time,
where either party interferes with a parenting time order. The second problem occurs when a parent does not use
his or her parenting time.
Parenting Time Interference
Sometimes, what is considered as parenting time interference by one parent may just be a misunderstanding or miscommunication
by the other parent. Consider including days and times of birthdays, holidays, recesses and vacations. But also
be flexible. The parties should inform each other as soon as possible if there need to be a change in the schedule,
with an honest explanation to the child, and an agreement as to makeup time, if appropriate. You should have arrangements
in place for notifying the other parent if there will be a delay in picking up or dropping off the children, so
that the other party can plan accordingly.
If you do experience a problem with your parenting time, fry to resolve the issue further with the other parent
or through mediation first. However, if this is not possible, under N.J.S.A. 2C: 13-4(a) you have the right to
file an incident report or a criminal complaint for visitation interference. The police should assist you in enforcing
this law as part of your right to due process.
Contempt of court cases and interference with custody and parenting lime cases may be referred to the Family Part
Superior Court. Remedies for parenting time interference are described above in the section of this pamphlet that
refers to New Jersey Rule of Court 5:3-7(a).
Non-Exercise of Parenting Time
If-there is a pattern of missed time with the child by the other parent, you should explore with him or her, why
this may be occurring and see if he or she is willing to take steps to fix the problem before you seek legal remedies.
Remedies for failure to exercise parenting time are described in the section of this pamphlet that refers to New
Jersey Rule of Court 5:3-7(a).
SOURCES FOR FURTHER HELP
You can find more information on parenting time and other child related issues at the New Jersey Judiciary's web
site (www.judiciary.state.nj.us). You can also call us at (609) 984-4228. For more information on parenting time,
parenting education classes, mediation programs, and parenting plans, you can call the Family Part of Superior
Court in your county:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Child Access and Parenting Time Advisory Group prepared this pamphlet, under the auspices of the New Jersey
Judiciary, Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC), Mary M. DeLeo, Assistant Director, Family Practice Division.
Previous research and publications are referenced from the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (Madison,
WI). This pamphlet may be copied in its entirety, without AOC permission. For additional copies of this pamphlet,
please contact the AOC.
Child Access and Parenting Time Advisory Group Members:
Anju D. Jessani, New Jersey Association of Professional Mediators, New Jersey Council for Children's Rights
Michael Mayo, Parents United for Equal Rights
Elidema Mireles, Chief, Child Support Hearing Officer Program, Administrative Office of the Courts
Diane Snyder, Family Counseling Specialist, Hudson County
Diane Talty, Mediator, Family Division, Burlington County
Irene Von Seydewilz, National Child Support Advocacy Coalition
Staff:
Paula A. Andrews, State Parenting Time Access Coordinator, Family
Practice Division, Administrative Office of the Courts
Contributing Editor:
Roberta Lincoln, Supervising Probation Officer, Hudson County
Any comments should be forwarded to:
New Jersey Judiciary
Administrative Office of the Courts
Family Practice Division
P.O. Box 983
Trenton, New Jersey 08625
The New Jersey Judiciary is an independent branch of government constitutionally entrusted with the fair and just
resolution of disputes in order to preserve the rule of law and to protect the rights and liberties guaranteed
by the Constitution and law.
Deborah T. Poritz, Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Richard J. Williams, Administrative Director of
the Courts